Animals are fundamentally governed by rewards. It is a central component of our behavior and the pursuit of which represents the integration of a broad range of cognitive capacities. These functions take place in a distributed reward network and include regions such as the frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, and midbrain dopaminergic systems (see […]

Lesion procedures for psychiatric indications have a history that spans more than a century. In this review, we provide a brief history of psychiatric surgery and address the most recent literature on lesion surgery for the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders.